How Smart Cars and Cybersecurity Challenges Are Evolving in 2025 – The Astonishing Truth

What Are Smart Cars?

Picture a car that drives itself, avoids any accident, and connects to your smartphone. Now that’s a smart car! So these vehicles take the help of AI, sensors, and internet to ensure driving is both safe and convenient. But with superb technology comes great risk; hackers are finding new ways to exploit smart cars. So how safe are these high-tech vehicles? Let’s plunge into the cybersecurity challenges facing smart cars and cybersecurity challenges!

The Growing Cybersecurity Threats 

While traveling has been revolutionized by smart cars, it bears a considerable downside-the growing security risks associated with cyberattacks. The more connected the car, the more opportunities there are for hackers to break in. But how? Let us break this down.

More Connectivity, More Vulnerabilities

With computers being the final authority nowadays, a modern smart cars and cybersecurity challenges can be described as nothing short of a computer on wheels. A whole array of connectivity protocols, from Wi-Fi to Bluetooth, GPS to cloud services, is employed. Making driving easier brought in several possible entry points for hackers. If a cybercriminal gains access to the vehicle’s one system, then he potentially has access to the whole vehicle.

The Rise of Remote Hacking

The days have come when car thieves can enter a car without breaking into it; today, a hacker can use his computer to control his car remotely. He can unlock the doors, disable the brakes, and take control of the steering from a distance. Moreover, the threat of such attacks is not just hypothetical. In real life, things like this have happened:

• Security researchers hacked a Jeep Cherokee in 2015, controlling the brakes and acceleration of the vehicle from afar.

• 60-second hacks using a Bluetooth relay attack made bypassing the keyless entry of Tesla pretty easy in 2020.

Outdated Software & Weak Security Patches

Car manufacturers concentrate on making their vehicles smarter and more autonomous, but many have ignored the weaker link: cybersecurity. Some smart cars and cybersecurity challenges could be running older software versions with no proper security updates. These cars become so easy to compromise. In contrast to smartphones and laptops that receive frequent software updates, vehicles may not always receive timely patches for fair security issues, thus exposing them to cyber threats.

Data Theft & Privacy Risks

Smart cars collect massive amounts of data, including:

• Driver habits
• GPS location
• Personal contacts
• Payment details for tolls and charging stations

Identity theft or financial fraud or sometimes even putting a person’s life at risk could be some likely things that fall to the bad use of this information. Hackers sell it to the dark web for use in blackmail.

Weak Security in Third-Party Apps

The modern vehicles such as smart cars and cybersecurity challenges allow connecting personal smartphone apps via third-party apps to facilitate performing navigational functions, music and remote access. However, relying on these apps isn’t a good idea for security. If an attacker could find a vulnerability for a connected application, now they could easily breach the whole car.

As the cybersecurity threats advancing towards smart cars and cybersecurity challenges increase, the speed of threats isn’t likely to stop. So, where are the automobile companies countering the threats? What really makes up their strongholds? Let’s discover in the next section!

Most Common Cyber Attacks on Smart Cars

As these intelligent cars get smarter, the tricks really do improve on them by hackers. They come up with the latest methods to infiltrate vehicle systems, pilfer data, or even hijack cars remotely. Here are some dangerous dose cyber threats that intelligent car owners should know about.

Remote Hacking – Taking Over the Car

A smart car’s systems can be accessed remotely by hackers through an exploit against Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or cellular protocols. Once the hacker gets access, he/she can do the following:

• Disable brakes or steering
• Control acceleration
• Lock or unlock doors

A lot of real-world examples may inform us; in 2015, security researchers hacked the Jeep Cherokee almost remotely, having access to the brakes and acceleration controls while the driver was cruising down the highway!”

Keyless Entry Hacks – Unlocking Cars Without a Key

smart cars and cybersecurity challenges work on keyless entry systems, which means this is where a driver can unlock the vehicle with a fob or an application from a smartphone. The downside is that a hacker can intercept and duplicate the signal with some techniques:

• Here, the hacker amplifies the signal from a key fob whilst in the house, thus fooling the car into thinking the key is close by.
• This is where cybercriminals record the signal and then use it to unlock the car at a later time.

In 2020, under 90 seconds were planned for the theft of a Tesla Model X in a Bluetooth relay attack.

GPS Spoofing—Misguide by Navigation

Hackers send fake GPS signals to the smart cars and cybersecurity challenges, which is deceived into believing it is in a different position. It becomes a grave concern in the case of self-driving cars, which navigate entirely on GPS data.

Possible Results

• A driver could be led to a hazardous area following instructions given by GPS.
• An autonomous delivery vehicle or rideshare might be misrouted to an alternative destination.

Malware & Ransomware Attacks—Locking Cars Down

smart cars and cybersecurity challenges can be infected with malware just the same way computers can. Ransomware locks the car system and demands ransoms to unlock it.

Here is how it all goes down: You enter your car, but getting inside was a big mistake. The smooth start of the ignition is thwarted by a message on the dashboard:

“Pay $500 in Bitcoin, or your car stays locked.”

In 2022, researchers demonstrated how to infect Tesla’s infotainment systems with malware to block key functions.

Third-Party App Exploits – Hacking Through Weak Apps

Many smart cars and cybersecurity challenges allow integration with third-party apps (e.g., music, navigation, or remote control apps). If these apps have weak security, hackers can:

• Gain access to the car’s controls
• Steal personal data
• Hijack cloud-connected features

A security flaw in a popular smart cars and cybersecurity challenges mobile app once allowed hackers to remotely unlock and start cars without needing a key!

Data Theft – Stealing Personal Information

Smart cars collect massive amounts of personal data, including:

• GPS locations and travel history
• Contact details and phone data
• Payment information for tolls and charging stations

Any hacker who breaches the systems of a Vehicle Cybersecurity could steal and sell this data for purposes such as identity theft or financial fraud.

Hackers have been getting smart, and so have the car manufacturers. Getting on from here, we will discuss the counterattacks by manufacturers, alongside the latest cybersecurity measures protecting smart cars and cybersecurity challenges in 2025!

 

How Automakers Are Strengthening Security 

The new types of cyber threats that have been introduced include threats aimed at smart cars and cybersecurity challenges. As such manufacturers step up their game to secure cars from hackers, latest encryption and AI threat detection are some of the things being invested heavily by companies as a form of cybersecurity to keep drivers safe. Here is how they do it:

Advanced Encryption – Locking Down Data

The main thing that automakers are providing to safeguard sensitive data is end-to-end encryption, which guarantees that any exchange of information between the car and other networks including cloud, mobile apps, and GPS is not susceptible to hole punching or eavesdropping.

How It Works

• The encrypted signals prevent hackers from intercepting the keyless entry syst
• Allows secure communication between car components, making it impossible for hackers to inject malicious commands.

Tesla and BMW use AES-256 encryption, considered one of the strongest security protocols, to protect data transmissions.

Secure Over-the-Air Updates

The times of having firmware updates done only through the dealership are long gone. Now, automakers are declaring over-the-air (OTA) security patches, much like how an update gets to be installed on your smartphone.

Here is why this is important

• Sorts out the latest bugs from security breach.
• Stop hackers from breaking into outdated software.
• Cybersecurity improvements without expensive recall.

Tesla is very active in providing OTA updates to fix vulnerabilities before they become security threats of the highest order.

Multi-Factor Authentication- This is what a car employs in keyless entry hacking prevention: multi-factor authentication (MFA)-the security mode that requires require more than a key fob to either unlock or start a vehicle.  Common Methods used in case of MFA:

• Fingerprint recognition or facial recognition to start the car.
• An OTP sent to the driver’s smartphone.
• Biometric verification through voice recognition.

Hyundai’s requires biometric authentication to gain vehicle access using a digital key.

AI-Driven Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS)

Automakers have turned to artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) inside smart cars and cybersecurity challenges to detect irregularities that might lead to cyberattacks in real time.

Security enhancement by AI

• Detects suspicious network activity.
• Unauthorized accesses are investigated.
• Blocks malware from using the internal network of in-car systems.

Companies such as Tesla and Mercedes-Benz are applying AI-based cyber threat detection systems to neutralize hacking attempts before they do damage.

Blockchain for secure vehicle communication

The automakers are exploring the use of blockchain technology to secure connected cars. A blockchain is tamper-proof. Thus, data transmission in a vehicle network is done to authorize sending and receiving parties only.

An authorization system that works on Blockchain is under research by Ford and General Motors to prevent illegal access to smart cars and cybersecurity challenges.

Applications Protection for Third Parties

Third-party apps can be a breach for hackers, and thus car makers harden security for them in the following:

• App developers are instructed to adhere to strict security guidelines.
• Sandboxing (isolation of apps from critical vehicle systems) is implemented.
• App activity is monitored for unusual behavior.

Tesla restricts third-party apps from directly controlling critical functions so that in case of cyberattacks, the assault threshold is kept low.

This provides a pathway for the development of intelligent cars in which the automakers are adequate. But every day, new kinds of cyber threats come into existence. In the next chapter, we will discuss ways in which owners of smart cars and cybersecurity challenges can protect themselves from hackers!

Can Hackers Take Over Your Smart Car?

Cutting-edge technology has altered the driving experience that comes with serious cybersecurity threats- hackers controlling vehicles remotely. While a Hollywood script concept it, there have been instances in the real world where cybercriminals had their way with hacking smart cars and cybersecurity challenges, thereby posing a great threat to drivers.

Here are some shocking, shocking real-life cases to show how dangerous smart cars and cybersecurity challenges hacking is.

The Jeep Cherokee Hack (2015)

One of the iconic car hacking incidents in history occurred in 2015 when security researchers Charlie Miller and Chris Valasek showed how they could remotel) take over a Jeep Cherokee while it was being driven by a journalist on a state highway!

What Went Down?

• Hackers gained system access into the Jeep via a flaw in the Uconnect infotainment system that communicated over Wi-Fi.
• They effectively took control of the steering, brakes, and acceleration, resulting in the loss of control by the driver.
• Chrysler was forced to issue a recall of 1.4 million vehicles to fix the security problem.

What We Learned

Even small software defects can yield complete remote takeovers, endangering driver safety.

Tesla Model S Hacked (2016 & 2020)

Tesla cars are reported to have the best cybersecurity, and yet, restrictions could never stop hackers from exploiting vulnerabilities.

2016 hack by Keen Security Lab Opposes All Logic

• Using a Wi-Fi exploit, Chinese researchers hacked a Tesla Model S from remote distances.
• They controlled brakes, doors, and dashboard functions from miles away.
• Tesla responded with a critical over-the-air (OTA) security update to fix the issue.

2020 Key Fob Attack

• Security experts found that the encryption used on the Tesla’s key fob was weak enough for hackers to clone the fob, break into the car, and steal it within seconds.
• Tesla improved the security of its key fob with stronger encryption and added a PIN-to-drive feature to thwart unauthorized access.

Lesson Learned

Smarter and more advanced the automakers make it, the more vulnerable that car becomes if the security protocol is not continually updated.

Nissan Leaf Data Leakage (2016)

The Nissan Leaf, a popular electric vehicle, came with a big cybersecurity flaw which leaked private user information.

What went on?

• A security researcher discovered that one could hack the climate control system of the car using the VIN (Vehicle Identification Number) in a remote manner.
• This permitted anyone to locate the Nissan Leaf, thus gaining access to driver information.
• Nissan had to shut down its remote app services until a fix could be put in.

Lesson(s) Learnt

If not secured, even the non-critical systems can be an entry point for hackers.

BMW, Mercedes, and Volkswagen Attacks (2018)

In 2018, the Tencent Security Lab discovered grave security defects in several luxury brands car systems, including BMW, Mercedes-Benz, and VW.

What happened?

• Hackers could remotely unlock doors, start the engine, and disable security systems using vulnerabilities that existed in the mobile app and infotainment systems.
• To remediate the flaws in their ConnectedDrive system, BMW had to issue over 14 security patches.

Lesson(s) Learnt

Automakers should always keep their software updated and monitored to deter cybercriminals.

How Serious Is This Threat?

These real-life cases have shown that smart vehicles can be hacked, with potentially life-threatening implications for the occupants of those vehicles. Hackers can:

• Control braking and acceleration.
• Unlock and steal cars remotely.
• Spy on drivers using onboard cameras and GPS.
• De-activate security systems so that the car is left vulnerable.

While automakers devise better cybersecurity, hackers are constantly innovating methods to get into their smart cars and cybersecurity challenges. Hence, it is upon the car owners to keep themselves updated and secure.

The Ways You Can Protect Your Smart Car from Hackers!

Best Practices to Protect Your Smart Car

Convenience generally comes at a cost: that of potential cybersecurity threats. The good news is that a variety of safeguards can be employed to protect against anomalies such as these. Hackers can remotely hijack vehicles, absconding with information or commandeering the car itself.. Here are some best practices to keep that smart cars and cybersecurity challenges protected.

Always Update the Car Software

Smart cars, like any other smart device, run on software that requires periodic updates for the repair of security vulnerabilities.

Why Is This Important?

• The automaker publishes patches to fix known security vulnerabilities.
• Hackers would have an easier task exploiting weaknesses on an outdated system.

What Should You Do?

• Enable automatic updates when in-car systems allow for over-the-air (OTA) updates.
• Alternatively, if that method is not supported, confirm with the car manufacturer that manual updates are possible.

Tesla and BMW push regular OTA updates to fix security flaws before hackers can exploit them.

Use Strong Authentication Features

Many smart cars and cybersecurity challenges now offer multi-factor authentication (MFA) to prevent unauthorized access.

Best Security Features to Enable

• PIN-to-drive – Requires a code before the car starts.
• Biometric authentication – Some cars support fingerprint or facial recognition.
• Two-factor authentication (2FA) – Links your car to a mobile device for additional security.

What You Should Do

• Secure a stronger PIN/password to usage in mobile applications that link directly with your auto.
• Augment MFA where applicable on your vehicle as an extra layer of security.

Whilst hacking your car key fob, a thief cannot start your Tesla because of the PIN-to-drive feature that came with the company.

Secure Your Key Fob

Thieves may attempt relay attacks to intercept and clone key fob signals, making your vehicle stealable within seconds.

How to Prevent Key Fob Hacks

• Use a signal-blocking Faraday pouch to prevent relay attacks.
• Turn off passive entry if you don’t need it.
• Park in a secure location or use additional steering locks for extra protection.

What You Need to Do

• When not in use, put the key fob in a Faraday bag or metal tin.
• Do not leave your fob by windows or doors where signals can be intercepted.

For example, BMW and Mercedes-Benz cars were relay attacked for years before the latter developed their encryption.

Be Cautious with Third-Party Apps

Connect Apps for navigation, remote access, or diagnostics to your car; however, other apps may not be safe to use!

How to Stay Safe

• Download your app only from trusted sources (official car manufacturer or reputable providers).
•  Never give permissions that the apps do not need.
•  Regularly review app access for apps you do not use, and delete them.

What You Should Do

• Uninstall suspicious or unwanted apps related to the car.
• Look at app permissions inside your phone settings.

In 2019, hackers used a flaw in an app (for 3rd party) for Tesla that gave them the ability to track and unlock cars remotely.

Secure Your Car-Wi-Fi and Bluetooth Connections

Most smart cars and cybersecurity challenges provide users with Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and mobile hotspot funcionalidades, but if they are not secure, features can become the playground of hackers.

How To Protect Your Car Wireless Connectivity

• Acquire a strong password on in-car Wi-Fi networks.
•  Switch off Bluetooth and Wi-Fi when they are not in use.
•  Do not connect to public Internet when parked or charging.

What You Should Do

• If your car comes with Wi-Fi, ensure it has a strong and unique password.
• Turn off auto connect for Bluetooth devices.

There have been exposed instances of hackers gaining control of the Nissan Leaf’s infotainment system via an unsecured Wi-Fi network.

Regularly Check for Unauthorized Access

Cybercriminals can try to hack into your smart cars and cybersecurity challenges and you may not even notice until it’s too late.

Signs Your Car Might Be Compromised

• Unusual behavior (radio turns on/off, climate settings change on their own).
• Unauthorized logins to your car’s companion app.
• Sudden draining of the battery or unexpected software updates.

What You Should Do

• The app of your car should be examined for any unusual logins or activities
• You should review your connected devices regularly for unfamiliar devices and delete them accordingly.

Simply put, it was in 2022 when hackers hijacked the infotainment system of a Tesla Model 3 by exploiting a loophole in the companion app, gaining remote access to the system from the comfort of their homes.

Beware of USB charging stations and OBD-II scanners

Malicious USB chargers or OBD-II devices could potentially inject malware into the vehicle.

How to Avoid This Threat

• Never plug in unknown USB devices into your car’s USB ports.
• Use OBD-II scanners only from trusted brands.
• Disable OBD-II port access if your car allows it.

What You Should Do

• A data-blocking USB adapter for your phone would be useful when charging in public.
• Lock or disable your OBD-II port against unauthorized access.

Using fake OBD-II devices, hackers can defeat the security of the car in a matter of seconds and steal the vehicle.

Final Take: Outshine Hackers!

smart cars and cybersecurity challenges are the future, but in the case of cybercriminals, they are a primary target. It is through these best practices that the risk of hacking is seriously lowered, thus keeping your vehicle safe.

• Keep your car’s software updated.
• Strong authentication methods.
• Protect the relay attacks on your key fob.
• Do not connect to unsecured Wi-Fi and use third-party apps.
• Verify your access regularly.

The Future of Smart Car Cybersecurity – What’s Coming Next?

Future of Smart Car Cybersecurity

The modern intelligent automobile is changing every day, right along the threats to security they face. Manufacturers and security experts have always had to innovate to fend off new hackers. And, this was an overview of where smart cars and cybersecurity challenges cybersecurity stands in the future and some key trends that will affect the sector.

Cybersecurity Defense Using AI

Artificial Intelligence is primarily going to change the game for smart cars and cybersecurity challenges security by providing real-time threat detection and response.

How AI will help

• Detect anomalies in vehicle behavior, stopping cyber threats before they become harmful.
• Automate security patch updates to instantly cease vulnerabilities.
• Enhanced fraud detection by analyzing driving patterns and customer-like behavior.

For example, Tesla already employs machine learning algorithms to detect hacking attempts and curb unauthorized access.

Blockchain for Secure Transaction of Data

Blockchain can protect an additional layer of security for smart cars and cybersecurity challenges, as it renders every data transaction with a level of tamper-proofness and transparency.

What Makes Blockchain The Future

• Prevents unauthorized modifications to software updates.
• Enables secure communication amongst connected devices (car-to-car, car-to-infrastructure).
• User information is safeguarded from any alteration or theft by an unauthorized person.

For incentive, BMW and Ford are conducting tests of blockchain-based vehicle identity systems to curb car hacking and fraud.

Quantum-Resistant Cryptography

The advent of quantum computing will render traditional encryption methods worthless. Therefore, still, an alternative would be the one that would resist, and cryptographers are developing quantum-resistant algorithms for use within smart cars and cybersecurity challenges security.

How It Will Help

• Prevent quantum computers from breaking car security codes.
• Strengthen the encryption of car software and wireless communications.
• Complement smart car authentication systems to be valid in the future.

Companies such as Toyota and Volkswagen are investing in post-quantum cryptography to ensure future-proofing against threats.

5G and Secure Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) Communication

The communication between vehicles, infrastructure, and pedestrians will take a secure yet instant route along V2X technology, with 5G being the secure communication bearer.

5G in Enhancing Cybersecurity

• Sends data faster and encrypts it against hacking.
• Prevents controls from delay in a real-time response to enhance security.
• Provides better network segmentation against large-scale cyberattacks.

For instance, Audi and Mercedes-Benz are trialing 5G-enabled V2X systems for real-time threat detection and safer driving.

Zero Trust Security for Smart Car

Zero Trust Model stands for “Never Trust Always Verify”. Every access request-in particular, attempts coming from inside the car-has to be checked before granting access.

What This Means for Smart Car Security

• No automatic trust shall be given for internal or external network connections.
• Every software and hardware interaction shall require multi-layer authentication.
• If hackers gain entry, they are isolated from lateral movement across the system.

Tesla and GM are developing Zero Trust security frameworks to prevent unauthorized access to their connected vehicles.

Biometric Authentication for Cars

Passwords and key fobs may soon be replaced by biometric security, making smart cars and cybersecurity challenges even harder to hack.

Future Biometric Features

• Facial recognition for unlocking and starting the car.
• Fingerprint authentication for secure access to vehicle settings.
• Voice recognition for command verification.

Hyundai is testing biometric ignition systems that allow drivers to start their cars using fingerprints.

Predictive Cybersecurity with Big Data

Big data analytics will help predict and prevent cyberattacks before they happen by analyzing massive amounts of vehicle security data.

How Big Data Will Help

• Identifies patterns of cyber threats across multiple smart cars.
• Sends early warnings about potential vulnerabilities.
• Helps automakers proactively fix security gaps.

The two giants IBM and Ford are both working on creating big data-driven security platforms for cyber threats that are supposed to work in real-time.

Final Thoughts: The Road Ahead

The subject of smart cars and cybersecurity challenges cybersecurity is rapidly evolving, with AI, blockchain, quantum encryption, and biometrics leading the charge. Although unique methods of exploiting vulnerabilities will always be found by hackers, the coming days are looking bright with car manufacturers cooperating with cybersecurity experts to create the hack-proof smart car.

Coming Up Next Are

• AI-based, reacting to cybersecurity in real time.
• Secure software and payment updates on blockchain.
• Quantum-proofed encryption to protect the cars against next-gen hackers.

Stay tuned—because the future of smart cars and cybersecurity challenges cybersecurity is just getting started!

Pro Tip: Must-Have Cybersecurity Tools for Smart Cars! ️

Wouldn’t you want to protect your smart cars and cybersecurity challenges from hackers? Just like your computing machines have antivirus and firewalls that lead to an online protection solution, smart cars also need their own tools essential for handling external cyber threats. These are just some of the must-among-heaven scope tools for any smart cars and cybersecurity challenges owner.

Automotive Firewall Protection

This will refer to the car firewall as a kind of familiar firewall, which prevents unauthorized access to the vehicle’s network security. For a hacker, most of these attacks are remote software exploitation and an automotive firewalls acts as an additional layer protection for it.

Recommended Tool

Argus Cyber Security – A well-known automotive firewall that prevents cyber intrusions.

Intrusion Detection and Prevention System (IDPS)

This means that, as a new intrusion detection and prevention system (IDPS), it always watches network activity to alert the driver when it detects suspicious activity.

Recommended Tool

Karamba Security – Harms unauthorized commands coming from hackers.

Secure Over-the-Air (OTA) Update System

Like your phone or laptop, car manufacturers constantly push their security updates. However, many of these updates can be distorted by cybercriminals to deliver malware. Such an OTA system guarantees authentic, encrypted updates sent only to your smart vehicle.

Recommended Tool

Harman OTA Security – Shows the update protection of firmware for threats from cyberspace.

GPS and Anti-Theft Cybersecurity Solutions

Many smart cars and cybersecurity challenges hacks normally involve spoofing GPS signals for misleading directions to the driver or tricking the car system to unlock it. This secure GPS protection tool makes sure that your car follows verified satellite signals visible to it and prevents hijacking by remote control.

Recommended Tool

Upstream Security – Provides or offers real-time GPS threat detection and anti-theft services.

Smart Car VPN (Virtual Private Network)

This VPN is designed for smart cars and cybersecurity challenges, and it encrypts all internet access by cars to make it difficult for hackers to eavesdrop on data or track what they do on the internet. It comes in handy, especially when you need to use public charging stations or connect with external Wi-Fi.

Recommended Tool

Guardian Automotive VPN – Protects the communication channels of vehicles from cyber threats.

Biometric Authentication & Multi-Factor Security

Instead of just a key fob or PIN code, these advanced cars also come with biometric authentication, including fingerprint scanners, facial recognition, and voice commands, now making sure that only the real owner would start or unlock the car.

Recommended Tool

Hyundai Biometric Authentication System – A system that provides access control by fingerprint scanning.

Automotive Cybersecurity Mobile Apps

Several smartphone applications allow vehicle owners to monitor and manage their vehicle security in real-time. The apps help detect hacking attempts, unauthorized access, and network breaches.

Recommended Apps

• McAfee Automotive Security- Monitors network connections and warns signal threats.
• Tesla Guardian Mode- Provides real-time security alerts and video surveillance for the Tesla owners.

Final Thoughts: Your Smart Car Needs Smart Protection!

Smart cars and cybersecurity challenges bring convenience and innovation but also open doors for cyber risks. Use these cybersecurity applications to help you remain one step ahead of hackers.

Pro Tip

Keep your car software updated, never connect to free public Wi-Fi spots, and keep anti-intrusion multi-layer security tools ticked for maximum protection.

Don’t wait for a cyber attack before protecting your smart cars and cybersecurity challenges.